These new means of mass communication were the vehicle for U.S. The rapid spread of news about the war and the declarations of wartime leaders around the world depended on the expansion in communication technologies - the telegraph and mass print media - across the globe. By the time of the armistice in November 1918, nationalists across the world had adopted the language of self-determination, adapted it to their own needs and circumstances, and mobilized to bring their claims to the peace conference and the world leaders assembled there. Their rhetoric, however, echoed far beyond the confines of Europe. Neither the Allies nor the Bolsheviks at this time saw the subject peoples of the colonial world as the audience for their declarations. President Woodrow Wilson to incorporate the promise of “self-determination” into the rhetoric of the Western allies. The fear that the Bolshevik declaration would sway European public opinion led first the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George (1863-1945) and then U.S. The Bolshevik call for a settlement based on national self-determination, though phrased in universal terms, was initially aimed at the left in Europe, especially in Britain, France, and Germany, where Lenin (1870-1924) hoped to help spark a revolution. The Bolshevik leadership viewed support for national self-determination, defined as a right of secession from imperial rule, as a useful tool for undermining imperial regimes in Russia and elsewhere and gaining the support of subject peoples for the revolution. The notion of a right to national self-determination was introduced into the international debate over war aims by the Russian Bolsheviks in mid-1917. After this “Wilsonian Moment” of 1919, the imperial world order never regained the relative stability and legitimacy it once possessed. President Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924), who brought it into the center of global attention. At its heart was the principle of self-determination, advocated most notably by U.S. That year saw a string of uprisings against an imperial world order, a revolt that involved violent clashes across vast parts of the world. The upheavals of this era, however, were not limited to Europe but rather encompassed much of the globe. Out of the ashes of the old order, new nation-states were emerging to stake their claim to sovereignty and self-determination. Across the territories of the collapsed empires of the Habsburgs, the Romanovs, the Hohenzollerns, and Ottomans, competing claimants struggled for power, legitimacy, and recognition through a combination of diplomatic negotiations and bloody military clashes. ![]() The year 1919 is often remembered as the year in which peace was restored to Europe after the cataclysm of the Great War.
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